A reflective overview: European vocational education and training reform: The Copenhagen process 2002 to 2024

Abstract

The European Union’s (EU) Copenhagen Process on cooperation in vocational education and training (VET), initiated in 2002, is a voluntary method that coordinates VET reform in Europe. In terms of this process, EU Member States, the European Commission and the social partners agree, at ministerial level, on common VET-related objectives, priorities and statistical targets to be met over a five- to ten-year period. Progress is monitored and political momentum maintained through regular reporting, exchanges of experience and periodic revisions of reform objectives, priorities and statistical targets. This article outlines the origins of the Copenhagen Process and discusses its evolution and influence on European VET policy since 2002. The writer argues that the process has proved to be an effective working method. It has strengthened European cooperation in VET, provided the basis for common European instruments and principles, influenced national reforms and raised the profile of VET in other policy areas. The writer also argues that, while the Copenhagen Process has operated at a multinational, trans-European level, its principles of partnership, resources and momentum can be used to create effective partnerships and networks at national, sectoral and local levels in order to bring about VET reform.